Black Or White

"Black or White" is a single by American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. The song was released by Epic Records on November 11, 1991 as the first single from Jackson's eighth studio album, Dangerous. It was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell.

Background and Composition


"Black or White" was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell,[2] and was picked as the first single from the album Dangerous. An alternate version was first heard by Sony executives on a plane trip to Neverland, as the third track of the promotional CD acetate. It began to be promoted on radio stations the first week of November 1991 in New York and Los Angeles.[2][3] "Black or White" was officially released one week later, on November 5, 1991.[3] The song has elements of dance, rap and hard rock music such as Bill Bottrell's guitars and Jackson's vocal style.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
The song's main riff is often falsely attributed to Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash. His guitar work is featured in the opening skit for the song's track on the album.[10][11]

Reception


"Black or White" entered Billboard's Hot 100 at number 35.[12] A week later it shot up to number three and on its third week, December 7, 1991, it ascended to number one, making it the fastest chart topper since the Beatles' "Get Back" also won the Hot 100 in just three weeks in 1969.[12][13] It closed the year at number one, and remained at the top of the singles chart into 1992, for a total of seven weeks, making Michael Jackson the first artist to get number one popular hits in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.[13] In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when "It's Now Or Never" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner.[12] Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 19 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Euro Chart Hot 100, number two in Germany and number three in Holland.[12][13] The single was certified platinum in the US, selling over one million copies.[13]
Reviews of the song varied. Rolling Stone's Allan Light in his Dangerous review, compares the song unfavourably to "Beat It": "Neither this slow-burn solo nor the Stones-derived riff on 'Black or White' offers the catharsis of Eddie Van Halen's blazing break on 'Beat It'".[10]

Remixes


The Clivillés & Cole remixes for "Black or White", released as a promotional single in 1992, also charted on many European countries. In the UK, it reached number 14, and in Ireland, number 11. The promotional single also surprisingly peaked at number 18 in Australia.[14] Despite the favourable European response to this remix, it was never included on a Michael Jackson album or compilation, except on the third disc of the French & UK versions of Jackson's greatest hits album King Of Pop.

Music Video


Synopsis


he music video for "Black or White" was first broadcast on MTV, BET, VH1, and Fox (giving them their highest Nielsen ratings ever)[15] on November 14, 1991.[16] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, and George Wendt.[17] The video was directed by John Landis, who previously directed Thriller. It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most to ever watch a music video.[18]
The first few minutes of the video featured an extended version of the song's intro, during which an 11 year old kid (Macaulay Culkin) is dancing to rock music in his bedroom at night. This attracts the attention of his father (George Wendt), who furiously orders him to stop playing the music and go to bed. Culkin complies by setting up large speaker cabinets behind his father's reclining chair, donning leather gloves and sunglasses, and playing a power chord, setting on an electric guitar.[15] The sound then shatters and destroys the house windows and sends his father (seated in the chair) halfway around the world, where the actual song begins.[15] The kid's mother (Tess Harper), comments that his father will be very unhappy when he gets back. The album version of the song does not feature Culkin's nor Wendt's voice; they are replaced by voice actors performing a similar intro. Wendt crashes in Africa, and Jackson sings "Black or White", surrounded by various cultures scene-by-scene.[16]
The video shows scenes in which African hunters begin dancing using moves from West African dance, Jackson follows their moves and then they mirror his; as do, in sequence, traditional Thai dancers, Plains Native Americans, a woman from India and a group of Russians.[15] Jackson walks through visual collages of fire (defiantly declaring "I ain't scared of no sheets; I ain't scared of nobody"), referring to KKK torch ceremonies before a mock rap scene shared with Culkin and other children.[16] The group collectively states, "I'm not gonna spend my life being a color." The final verse is performed by Jackson on a large sculpted torch, which the camera pans out to reveal as the Statue of Liberty. Jackson is seen singing on Lady Liberty's torch surrounded by other famous world edifices including The Giza Sphinx, Hagia Sophia, The Parthenon, Taj Mahal, St. Basil's Cathedral, Pyramids of Giza, Golden Gate Bridge, Big Ben and the Eiffel Tower.
At the end of the song, different people dance as they morph into one another (shown as "talking heads"). This technique, previously executed without digital assistance in the Godley & Creme video for "Cry", known as morphing, had been previously used only in films such as Willow and Terminator 2. The morphing visual effects were created by Pacific Data Images. [12]
The music video of the song appears on the video albums: Dangerous: The Short Films (long version), Video Greatest Hits – HIStory (long version), Number Ones (short version), and Michael Jackson's Vision (long version).


Controversy and Censorship


Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video. Jackson walks out of the studio as a black panther and then morphs into himself.[16] Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically complicated dance techniques, in a similar way to "Billie Jean". This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch,[15] and then zips his pants up. In the original version, Jackson is seen smashing windows,[15] destroying a car and causing an inn (called the "Royal Arms") to explode. Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animal instinct of a black panther, and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts.[16] To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers, racial messages were digitally added using CGI graffiti to the windows that Jackson smashes. They are, "Hitler Lives" on the passenger window with a swastika on the driver's window, "Nigger Go Home" (the 3 G's form the 666) on the car's back window, "No More Wetbacks" on the windshield, and "KKK Rules" on the store door. The version included in the box set Michael Jackson's Vision is the original uncut, uncensored version without the digital graffiti, and does not include the "prejudice is ignorance" title card.
To date, the uncut version has generally been seen in the United States on MTV2 only between the hours of 01:00 and 04:00, as part of their special uncensored airing of the "Most Controversial Music Videos" of all time. The extended version is also available on Jackson's DVDs. The original version (without graffiti) is available on the VHS and Laserdisc releases of Video Greatest Hits – HIStory with the DVD release containing the "racist graffiti version", and online at MTVMusic.com. On Sunday, November 29, 2009, the FUSE cable channel aired the original version of "Black or White" (without graffiti) on its two-hour Remember His Time tribute wherein most of Jackson's music videos were played. On April 8, 2012, the original uncut version (without graffiti) was aired on MTV Czech at 4PM in the afternoon during a Michael Jackson 'Top 10' countdown. The video ranked at fifth place. Due to the fact the channel decided to air also uncut versions of Michael Jackon's other videos, such as 'Bad' and 'Thriller', it ended up being 22 minutes behind schedule.
It was still shown in its entirety for some years in Europe. Indeed, UK channel MTV Classic aired the full video at 14:00 in the afternoon on April 11, 2010, including the brief cameo by Bart and Homer Simpson before the "prejudice is ignorance" image. The version available in the iTunes Store contains neither the panther scene nor The Simpsons' cameo, and is cut after the morphing sequence.
Starting in 1992, Nocturne Video Productions began playing the "Panther Segment" of the video as an interlude during Michael's Dangerous world tour. The clip is 20 seconds shorter than the original, omitting all the violence and the sexually suggestive scenes.[16] The scene of the pants re-zipping was retained. On March 28, 2009, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's music video program Rage aired the uncensored, non-graffiti original version in its entirety in a 720p digital broadcast. In January 2011, FUSE on Demand has the full video (without graffiti) for Comcast On Demand until February 28, 2011. Even though the short, censored version continues to air periodically to this day, some television channels still broadcast the complete racist graffiti version.

Track Listings


Maxi CD
"Black or White" (single version) – 3:22
"Black or White" (instrumental) – 3:22
"Smooth Criminal" – 4:16
7" single and 3" CD
"Black or White" (single version) – 3:22
"Black or White" (instrumental) – 3:22
12" single
"Black or White" (The Clivilles & Cole House/Club Mix) – 7:36
"Black or White" (The Clivilles & Cole House/Dub Mix) – 6:34
"Black or White" (House with Guitar Radio Mix) – 3:53
"Black or White" (single version) – 3:22
"Black or White" (Instrumental) – 3:22
"Black or White" (Tribal Beats) – 3:38
The Clivillés & Cole Remixes
"Black or White" (The Clivillés & Cole House / Club Mix) – 7:36
"Black or White" (The Clivillés & Cole House / Dub Mix) – 6:34
"Black or White" (The Underground Club Mix) – 7:29
"Black or White" (House With Guitar Radio Mix) – 3:53
"Black or White" (Tribal Beats) – 3:38
Visionary CD side
"Black or White" (single version) – 3:22
"Black or White" (Clivillés & Cole House Guitar Radio Mix) – 3:53
Visionary DVD side
"Black or White" (Music video) – 11:00
Enhanced with the Dangerous Pepsi commercial

Covers and Culture Impact


"Black or White" has been covered by some artists since its release.
In 1992, "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a parody of "Black or White" titled "Snack All Night", which however never released commercially. Yankovic performed his version during a concert.[19]
In 2009, singer Adam Lambert performed the song on the 8th season of American Idol during the Michael Jackson episode,[20] which was re-aired on June 29, in a tribute to the death of Jackson on June 25.
The music video, particularly the "Panther Segment", have been referenced or parodied by television shows and artists.
The video, including the "Panther Segment" was parodied by the sketch comedy TV show In Living Color, in which Tommy Davidson appeared as Jackson, but instead of a panther, Davidson morphs from a tiny black kitten.[21]
The "Panther Segment" was also parodied by the popular American sketch comedy television series MADtv.
In 1991, English rock band Genesis parodied the "Black or White" video in the ending of their video for "I Can't Dance", in which member Phil Collins imitates Michael Jackson's "panther" fit in front of a stark white background.[22]
In 2011, Brooklyn hip hop group Das Racist released a music video for their song, titled "Michael Jackson", parodying the "Black or White" video. The song is features on the group's album Relax.[23]
In 2012 the television show Glee covered the song in the episode "Michael", it features primary voices from Kevin McHale (actor), Lea Michelle and Naya Rivera, and backing vocals from the rest of the cast. Jenna Ushkowitz and Darren Criss are not featured in the song or the performance. This cover debuted and peaked at number 64 at Billboard Hot 100, number 42 at Billboard Digital Songs, and number 69 at Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart at the week of February 18, 2012.[24]

Charts and Certifications


Peak Positions


Chart (1991) Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 1
UK Singles Chart 1
Dutch Singles Chart 1
Australian Singles Chart 1
Belgium Singles Chart 1
Canadian Singles Chart 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[25] 1
French Singles Chart 1
Irish Singles Chart 1
New Zealand Singles Chart 1
Norwegian Singles Chart 1
Spain (AFYVE)[26] 1
Swedish Singles Chart 1
Swiss Singles Chart 1
German Singles Chart 2
Danish Singles Chart 1
Chart (2009) Peak
position
Austrian Singles Chart 17
Danish Singles Chart 22
European Hot 100 Singles[27] 25
French Digital Singles Chart[28] 9
New Zealand Singles Chart[29] 16
Norwegian Singles Chart[30] 18
Swedish Singles Chart[31] 11
Swiss Singles Chart[32] 7
UK Singles Chart[33] 25
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs[34] 13
Chart (2011) Peak
position
Hungarian Singles Chart[35] 6


End-of-year charts


End of year chart (1992) Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 14[36]


End of decade charts


Chart (1990–1999) Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[37] 39


Certification


Country Certification Sales
United States Platinum[13] 1,000,000[13]
Australia 2× Platinum[38] 140,000[38]
New Zealand Platinum[29] 15,000[29][39]
Germany Gold[29] 250,000

Personnel


Written and composed by Michael Jackson
Rap lyrics by Bill Bottrell
Produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell
Recorded and mixed by Bill Bottrell
Bryan Loren: Drums
Brad Buxer and Bill Bottrell: Percussion
Bryan Loren (moog) and Terry Jackson (bass guitar): Bass
Brad Buxer, John Barnes and Jasun Martz: Keyboards
Bill Bottrell: Guitar
Tim Pierce: Heavy metal guitar
Michael Boddicker, Kevin Gilbert: Speed sequencer
Morphing Sound Effect: Scott Frankfurt
Rap performance by L.T.B.
"Intro":
Composed by Bill Bottrell
Directed by Michael Jackson
Engineering and sound design: Matt Forger
Special guitar performance by Slash
Son played by Andres McKenzie
Father played by L.T.B.